• Bacon, Francis

• Berkeley, George

• Descartes, Renè

• Destra e sinistra hegeliana – Feuerbach

• Epicuro

• Evoluzionismo: pre-darwiniani, C. Darwin, H. Spencer, E. Mach

• Galilei, Galileo

• Hobbes, Thomas

• Husserl, Edmund

• Newton, Isaac

• Plotino

• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

• Spinoza, Baruch

• Storicismo: Dilthey e Weber

• Vico, Giambattista